Document Type : Research articles
Authors
1 Head of Department of Child Health and Disease Nursing
2 Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
Abstract
Background: Testicular self-examination (TSE) is one of the most effective ways for the early detection of testicular cancer. The Medical Association and American Urological Association recommend raising the awareness of TSE and educating the public in this regard for early diagnosis.
Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the training given to nursing students for testicular cancer and TSE on the knowledge levels of the students.
Methods: The current single-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study was carried out on the students continuing their education and training in the Faculty of Health Sciences of a university in Turkey within 2018 and 2019 (n=83). No sample selection was made for the determination of the study subjects (n=56). The research data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were evaluated by appropriate statistical methods, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The students participating in the study were within the age range of 20-26 years. In addition, 51.8% of the study subjects were male. Moreover, 58.9% of the students in the study stated that they did not receive any training for testicular cancer and TSE. Furthermore, 80.4% of the male students did not perform TSE 43.6% of whom reported that they did not know how to do it. However, the mean test scores of the participants for testicular cancer and TSE were reported as 12.84 and 15.73 prior to and after the training, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). Nevertheless, the rate of TSE among the students was previously reported as 19.6% and increased to 100% after the training.
Conclusion: In this study, it was concluded that the participants, even with an ordinary awareness-raising campaign, could be informed about testicular cancer and TSE. It is recommended to raise the awareness of society in this regard through well-planned educational activities.
Keywords
- Ghoreifi A, Djaladat H. Management of primary testicular tumor. Urol Clin North Am. 2019;46(3):333-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2019.04.006. [PubMed: 31277728].
- Hachfeld L, MacWilliams B, Schmidt B. Physical awareness a key to improving adolescent male health: A grounded theory study of the perception of testicular self-examination in male student athletes. J Nurse Pract. 2016;12(4):243-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.10.024.
- Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of testicular self-examination among male university students from Bangladesh, Madagascar, Singapore, South Africa and Turkey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(11):4741-3. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.11.4741. [PubMed: 26107234].
- Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer stat facts: testicular cancer. National Cancer Institute. Available at: URL: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html; 2019.
- World Health Organization. Cancer Statistical of Turkey. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
- Muliira JK, Nalwanga PB, Muliira RS, Nankinga Z. Knowledge, perceived risk and barriers to testicular self-examination among male university students in Uganda. J Mens Health. 2012;9(1):36-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jomh.2011.11.004.
- Tanagho EA, McAninch JW. Testicular tumors. In: Tanagho EA, McAninch JW, editors. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2004. P. 375-87.
- Saab MM, Davoren M, Murphy A, Murphy D, Cooke E, Landers M. et al. Promoting men’s awareness, self-examination, and help-seeking for testicular disorders: a systematic review of interventions. HRB Open Res. 2018;1:16. doi: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12837.2. [PubMed: 32002508].
- Thornton CP. Best practice in teaching male adolescents and young men to perform testicular self-examinations: a review. J Pediatr Health Care. 2016;30(6):518-27. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.11.009. [PubMed: 26778347].
- Rovito MJ, Cavayero C, Leone JE, Harlin S. Interventions promoting testicular self-examination (TSE) performance: a systematic review. Am J Mens Health. 2015;9(6):506-18. doi: 10.1177/1557988314555360. [PubMed: 25359870].
- Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Fizazi K, et al. EAU guidelines on testicular cancer: 2011 update. Eur Urol. 2011;60(2):304-19. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.05.038. [PubMed: 21632173].
- Ramim T, Mousavi SQ, Rosatmnia L, Bazyar A, Ghanbari V. Student knowledge of testicular cancer and self-examination in a medical sciences University in Iran. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2014;6(3):7-11.
- Braga IC, Cabral J, Louro N, de Carvalho JL. Testicular cancer awareness and knowledge: Is it the same? Exploratory study in a mixed-gender population. J Cancer Educ. 2017;32(1):105-11. doi: 10.1007/s13187-015-0903-3. [PubMed: 26358248].
- Kuzgunbay B, Yaycıoglu O, Soyupak B, Kayis AA, Ayan S, Yavascaoglu I, et al. Public awareness of testicular cancer and self-examination in Turkey: a multicenter study of Turkish Urooncology Society. Urol Oncol. 2013;31(3):386-91. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.01.020. [PubMed: 21429771].
- Saab MM, Landers M, Hegarty J. Exploring men's preferred strategies for learning about testicular disorders inclusive of testicular cancer: a qualitative descriptive study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2017;26:27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2016.11.001. [PubMed: 28069149].
- Pour HA, Kunter D, Norouzzadeh R, Heidari MR. The effect of testicular self-examination education on knowledge, performance, and health beliefs of Turkish men. J Cancer Educ. 2018;33(2):398-403. doi: 10.1007/s13187-016-1132-0. [PubMed: 27815814].
- McCullagh J, Lewis G, Warlow C. Promoting awareness and practice of testicular self-examination. Nurs Stand. 2005;19(51):41-9. doi: 10.7748/ns2005.08.19.51.41.c3944. [PubMed: 16161515].
- Steadman L, Quine L. Encouraging young males to perform testicular self-examination: a simple, but effective, implementation intentions intervention. Br J Health Psychol. 2004;9(Pt 4):479-87. doi: 10.1348/1359107042304551. [PubMed: 15509356].
- Saab MM, Landers M, Hegarty J. Testicular cancer awareness and screening practices: a systematic review. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016;43(1):8-23. doi: 10.1188/16.ONF.E8-E23. [PubMed: 26679456].
- Pour AH, Çam R. Evaluation of men’s knowledge, attitude and behavior about testicular self-examination and testicular cancer. Florence Nightingale J Nurs. 2014;22(1):33-8.
- Rudberg L, Nilsson S, Wikblad K, Carlsson M. Testicular cancer and testicular self- examination: knowledge and attitudes of adolescent Swedish men. Cancer Nurs. 2005;28(4):256-62. doi: 10.1097/00002820-200507000-00003. [PubMed: 16046886].
- Kennett A, Shaw JW, Woolley PD. Testicular self-examination amongst genitourinary medicine clinic attendees. Int J STD AIDS. 2014;25(12):844-50. doi: 10.1177/0956462414522774. [PubMed: 24516080].
- Atuhaire C, Byamukama A, Cumber RY, Cumber SN. Knowledge and practice of testicular self-examination among secondary students at Ntare School in Mbarara District, South western Uganda. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;33:85. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.85.15150. [PubMed: 31489063].
- Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of testicular self-examination among male university students from Bangladesh, Madagascar, Singapore, South Africa and Turkey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(11):4741-3. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.11.4741. [PubMed: 26107234].
', './data/ircmj/coversheet/cover_en.jpg'))