Document Type : Research articles
Authors
- Vahid Hadi 1
- Majid Ghayour Mobarhan 2
- Golnaz Ranjbar 3
- Mohamad Ali Sardar 4
- Arasb Dabbagh Moghaddam 5
- Mohsen Nematy 3
- Reza Rezvani 3
- Naseh Pahlavani 3
- Saeid Hadi 6
- Abdolreza Norouzy 3
- Mostafa Mazaheri Tehrani 7
1 1. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2. Department of Health, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 1. International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2. Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4 Department of General Courses, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
5 Department of Health, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6 1. Department of Health, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
7 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
Background: Under difficult conditions, the military need high-energy macronutrients and micronutrients during intense physical activities in order to achieve optimal fitness levels.
Objectives: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the effects of a designed compact food bar (CFB) on the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max) and physical fitness in military athletes.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 50 athletes aged 20 - 50 years, who were assigned into two experimental and control groups. The subjects in the compact food bar (CFB) received three packs of CFB (700 kcal each), containing functional compounds (e.g., caffeine and L-arginine), every day for 10 days. The control group consumed the regular food used in military training courses with the same daily calorie count for the same period. The exercise performance was assessed using sports tests, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max) as a measure of cardio-respiratory endurance in vitro, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, blood pressure, and anthropometric examinations based on the participants body composition and physical activity. The measurements were performed using a pedometer, and the data were recorded at baseline and after the intervention. The data was then analyzed in SPSS software version 16.
Results: VO2Max and some of the exercise tests, including push-up, sit-and-reach test, and jump pair length, revealed significant increases in CFB group, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, the concerned variable seemed to have no significant effects on the anthropometric indices (weight and body mass index) and body composition (lean body mass and body fat mass) in CFB group (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: According to the findings, the consumption of the proposed CFB, in comparison to regular food, could effectively improve the exercise performance in military athletes.
Keywords
- Farajzadeh D, Golmakani M. Formulation and experimental production of energy bar and evaluating its shelf-life and qualitative properties. J Mil Med. 2011;13(3):181-7.
- McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise physiology: Nutrition, energy, and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
- Ashtary-Larky D, Lamuchi-Deli N, Milajerdi A, Bakhtiar Salehi M, Alipour M, Kooti W, et al. Inflammatory and biochemical biomarkers in response to high intensity resistance training in trained and untrained men. Asian J Sport Med. 2017;8(2). e13739. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.13739.
- Jaeger SR, Cardello AV. A construct analysis of meal convenience applied to military foods. Appetite. 2007;49(1):231-9. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.02.001. [PubMed: 17399852].
- Shay LE, Seibert D, Watts D, Sbrocco T, Pagliara C. Adherence and weight loss outcomes associated with food-exercise diary preference in a military weight management program. Eat Behav. 2009;10(4):220-7. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.07.004. [PubMed: 19778751]. [PubMed Central: PMC3936599].
- Hennigar SR, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Lutz LJ, Cable SJ, Pasiakos SM, Young AJ, et al. Consumption of a calcium and vitamin D-fortified food product does not affect iron status during initial military training: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(4):637-43. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515004766. [PubMed: 26625709].
- Bagheri R, Rashidlamir A, Ashtary-Larky D, Wong A, Alipour M, Motevalli MS, et al. Does green tea extract enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on fat loss? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14176. [PubMed: 31747468].
- Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Malekzadeh J, Hajishafiee M, Daneshvar P, Akbari F, et al. Effects of six weeks of beta-alanine administration on VO(2) max, time to exhaustion and lactate concentrations in physical education students. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(8):559-63. [PubMed: 22973486]. [PubMed Central: PMC3429803].
- Williams M. Dietary supplements and sports performance: Amino acids. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2005;2:63-7. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-63. [PubMed: 18500957]. [PubMed Central: PMC2129148].
- Nissen SL, Sharp RL. Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: A meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003;94(2):651-9. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00755.2002. [PubMed: 12433852].
- Barrett AH, Cardello AV. Military food engineering and ration technology. DEStech Publications, Inc; 2012.
- Hadi V, Norouzy A, Mazaheri Tehrani M, Nematy M, Hadi S. Characteristics of compact food bars. J Nutr Fast Health. 2018;6(3):125-31.
- Sheibani E, Dabbagh Moghaddam A, Sharifan A, Afshari Z. Linear programming: an alternative approach for developing formulations for emergency food products. J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(4):1444-52. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8612. [PubMed: 28776694].
- Jafari A, Nik KJ, Malekirad A. Effect of short-term caffeine supplementation on downhill running induced inflammatory response in non-athletes males. J Cell Tissue. 2012;2(4):377-85.
- Davis JK, Green JM. Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action. Sports Med. 2009;39(10):813-32. doi: 10.2165/11317770-000000000-00000. [PubMed: 19757860].
- Stipanuk MH. Sulfur amino acid metabolism: Pathways for production and removal of homocysteine and cysteine. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:539-77. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132418. [PubMed: 15189131].
- Santos RS, Pacheco MTT, Martins RABL, Villaverde AB, Giana HE, Baptista F, et al. Study of the effect of oral administration of L-arginine on muscular performance in healthy volunteers: An isokinetic study. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2002;10(3):153-8. doi: 10.3233/ies-2002-0096.
- Pahlavani N, Entezari MH, Nasiri M, Miri A, Rezaie M, Bagheri-Bidakhavidi M, et al. The effect of l-arginine supplementation on body composition and performance in male athletes: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(4):544-8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.266. [PubMed: 28120856].
- Laursen PB, Jenkins DG. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: Optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2002;32(1):53-73. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200232010-00003. [PubMed: 11772161].
- Baker JS, McCormick MC, Robergs RA. Interaction among skeletal muscle metabolic energy systems during intense exercise. J Nutr Metab. 2010;2010:905612. doi: 10.1155/2010/905612. [PubMed: 21188163]. [PubMed Central: PMC3005844].
- Wiles JD, Coleman D, Tegerdine M, Swaine IL. The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(11):1165-71. doi: 10.1080/02640410500457687. [PubMed: 17035165].
- Bell DG, Jacobs I, Ellerington K. Effect of caffeine and ephedrine ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(8):1399-403. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00024. [PubMed: 11474345].
- Doherty M. The effects of caffeine on the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and short-term running performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998;8(2):95-104. doi: 10.1123/ijsn.8.2.95. [PubMed: 9637189].
- Cerretelli P, Samaja M. Acid-base balance at exercise in normoxia and in chronic hypoxia. Revisiting the "lactate paradox". Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;90(5-6):431-48. doi: 10.1007/s00421-003-0928-x. [PubMed: 14504942].
- Shahmohammadi HA, Hosseini SA, Hajiani E, Malehi AS, Alipour M. Effects of green coffee bean extract supplementation on patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial. Hepat Mon. 2017;17(4). en. e12299. doi: 10.5812/hepatmon.45609.
', './data/ircmj/coversheet/cover_en.jpg'))