Document Type : Review articles

Authors

1 West China Hospital Operation Room/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

2 Department of vascular surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Abstract

Ultrasound is very important for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular emergency patients. In recent years, the number of deaths caused by atherosclerosis, represented by ischemic heart disease, has increased rapidly and become a very important part of emergency medicine. This article aimed to review the application and research progress of various vascular ultrasound techniques in emergency medicine to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of panvascular diseases in early first-aid emergencies.

Keywords

  1. Revzin MV, Imanzadeh A, Menias C, Pourjabbar S, Mustafa A, Nezami N, et al. Optimizing image quality when evaluating blood flow at Doppler US: a tutorial. Radiographics. 2019;39(5):1501–23. doi: 10.1148/rg.2019180055. [PubMed: 31398088].
  2. Kruskal JB, Newman PA, Sammons LG, Kane RA. Optimizing Doppler and color flow US: application to hepatic sonography. Radiographics. 2004;24(3): 657–75. doi: 10.1148/rg.243035139. [PubMed: 15143220].
  3. Di Siervi P, Bellizzi V, Pagano F, Terracciano V. The role of directional power Doppler in vascular characterization of renal masses. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2005;77(1):69–72. [PubMed: 15906798].
  4. Di Siervi P, Pagano F, Bellizzi V, Rega A, Terracciano V, Ricciardi D, et al. The role of directional power Doppler in early detection of the onset of neoangiogenesis in a case of small hyperechoic renal lesion. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2009;81(4):228–32. [PubMed: 20608147].
  5. Wilson SR, Greenbaum LD, Goldberg BB. Contrastenhanced ultrasound: what is the evidence and what are the obstacles? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):55–60. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.2553. [PubMed: 19542395].
  6. Harvey CJ, Blomley MJ, Eckersley RJ, Cosgrove DO. Developments in ultrasound contrast media. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(4):675–89. doi: 10.1007/s003300000624. [PubMed: 11354767].
  7. Huang DY, Yusuf GT, Daneshi M, Ramnarine R, Deganello A, Sellars ME, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in abdominal intervention. Abdom Radiol. 2018;43(4):960–76. doi: 10.1007/s00261-018-1473-8. [PubMed: 29450615].
  8. Tang C, Fang K, Guo Y, Li R, Fan X, Chen P, et al. Safety of sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles in sonography of abdominal and superficial organs: retrospective analysis of 30,222 cases. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(3):531–8. doi: 10.7863/ultra.15.11075. [PubMed: 28072475].
  9. Piscaglia F, Bolondi L. The safety of Sonovue in
  10. abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23188 investigations. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006;32(9):1369–75. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.05.031. [PubMed: 16965977].
  11. Weinstein S, Jordan E, Goldstein R, Yee J, Morgan T. How to set up a contrast-enhanced ultrasound service. Abdom Radiol. 2018;43(4):808–18. doi: 10.1007/s00261-017-1278-1. [PubMed: 28779334].
  12. Albuquerque Jr FC, Tonnessen BH, Noll Jr RE, Cires G, Kim JK, Sternbergh III WC. Paradigm shifts in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm: trends in 721 patients between 1996 and 2008. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(6):1348–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.01.078. [PubMed: 20488317].
  13. Ten Bosch JA, Rouwet EV, Peters CT, Jansen L, Verhagen HJ, Prins MH, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus computed tomographic angiography for surveillance of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(5):638–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.01.032. [PubMed: 20363153].
  14. Manning BJ, O'Neill SM, Haider SN, Colgan MP, Madhavan P, Moore DJ. Duplex ultrasound in aneurysm surveillance following endovascular aneurysm repair: a comparison
  15. with computed tomography aortography. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49(1):60–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.07.079. [PubMed: 18829237].
  16. Andeweg CS, Mulder IM, Felt-Bersma RJ, Verbon A, Van Der Wilt GJ, Van Goor H, et al. Guidelines of diagnostics and treatment of acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis. Dig Surg. 2013;30(4–6):278–92. doi: 10.1159/000354035. [PubMed: 23969324].
  17. Elkouri S, Panneton JM, Andrews JC, Lewis BD, McKusick MA, Noel AA, et al. Computed tomography and ultrasound in follow-up of patients after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg. 2004;18(3):271–9. doi: 10.1007/s10016-004-0034-5. [PubMed: 15354627].
  18. Abraha I, Luchetta ML, De Florio R, Cozzolino F, Casazza G, Duca P, et al. Ultrasonography for endoleak detection
  19. after endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
  20. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):CD010296. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010296.pub2. [PubMed: 28598495].
  21. Abbas A, Hansrani V, Sedgwick N, Ghosh J, McCollum CN. 3D contrast enhanced ultrasound for detecting endoleak following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014;47(5):487–92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.02.002. [PubMed: 24618331].
  22. Ghouri YA, Mian I, Rowe JH. Review of hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, etiology, and carcinogenesis. J Carcinog. 2017;16:1. doi: 10.4103/jcar.JCar_9_16. [PubMed: 28694740].
  23. Raza SA, Jang HJ, Kim TK. Differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39(1):153–61. doi: 10.1007/s00261-013-0034-4. [PubMed: 24002440].
  24. Sereni CP, Rodgers SK, Kirby CL, Goykhman I. Portal vein thrombus and infiltrative HCC: a pictoral review. Abdom Radiol. 2017;42(1):159–70. doi: 10.1007/s00261-016-0855-z. [PubMed: 27663437].
  25. Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, Esposito F, Giorgio A, Sorrentino P, et al. Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. Abdom Imaging. 2006;31(5): 537–44. doi: 10.1007/s00261-005-0150-x. [PubMed: 6865315].
  26. Fontanilla T, Noblejas A, Cortes C, Minaya J, Mendez S, Van den Brule E, et al. Contrastenhanced ultrasound of liver lesions related to arterial thrombosis in adult liver transplantation. J Clin Ultrasound. 2013;41(8):493–500. doi: 10.1002/jcu.22069. [PubMed: 23744551].
  27. Lu Q, Zhong XF, Huang ZX, Yu BY, Ma BY, Ling WW, et al. Role of contrastenhanced ultrasound in decision support for diagnosis and treatment of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(3):338–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.11.015. [PubMed: 22153745].
  28. Sidhu PS, Ellis SM, Karani JB, Ryan SM. Hepatic artery stenosis following liver transplantation: significance of the tardus parvus waveform and the role of microbubble contrast media in the detection of a focal stenosis. Clin Radiol. 2002;57(9):789–99. [PubMed: 12384104].
  29. Zheng RQ, Mao R, Ren J, Xu EJ, Liao M, Wang P, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the evaluation of hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation: potential role in changing the clinical algorithm. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(6):729–35. doi: 10.1002/lt.22054. [PubMed: 20517906].
  30. Kim JS, Kim KW, Lee J, Kwon HJ, Kwon JH, Song GW, et al. Diagnostic performance for hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation: computed tomography angiography versus contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Liver Transpl. 2019;25(11):
  31. –60. doi: 10.1002/lt.25588. [PubMed: 31206222].
  32. Sugi MD, Joshi G, Maddu KK, Dahiya N, Menias CO. Imaging of renal transplant complications throughout the life of the allograft: comprehensive multimodality review. Radiographics. 2019;39(5):1327–55. doi: 10.1148/rg.2019190096. [PubMed: 31498742].
  33. Kazmierski B, Deurdulian C, Tchelepi H, Grant EG. Applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the kidney. Abdom
  34. Radiol. 2018;43(4):880–98. doi: 10.1007/s00261-017-1307-0. [PubMed: 28856401].
  35. Wachsberg RH. B-flow imaging of the hepatic vasculature: correlation with color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(6):522–33. doi: 10.2214/AJR.06.1161. [PubMed: 17515342].
  36. Wachsberg RH. B-flow, a non-Doppler technology for flow mapping: early experience in the abdomen. Ultrasound Q. 2003;19(3):114–22. doi: 10.1097/00013644-200309000-00002. [PubMed: 14571159].
  37. Umemura A, Yamada K. B-mode flow imaging of the carotid artery. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2055–7. doi: 10.1161/hs0901.095648. [PubMed: 11546897].
  38. Tola M, Yurdakul M, Cumhur T. B-flow imaging in low cervical internal carotid artery dissection. J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24(11):1497–502. doi: 10.7863/jum.2005.24.11.1497. [PubMed: 16239652].
  39. D'Abate F, Ramachandran V, Young MA, Farrah J, Ahmed MH, Jones K, et al. B-flow imaging in lower limb peripheral arterial disease and bypass graft ultrasonography. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016;42(9):2345–51. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.04.010. [PubMed: 27222245].
  40. Morgan TA, Jha P, Poder L, Weinstein S. Advanced ultrasound applications in the assessment of renal transplants: contrast-enhanced ultrasound, elastography, and B-flow. Abdom Radiol. 2018;43(10):2604–14. doi: 10.1007/s00261-018-1585-1. [PubMed: 29632989].
  41. Jiang ZZ, Huang YH, Shen HL, Liu XT. Clinical applications of superb microvascular imaging in the liver, breast, thyroid, skeletal muscle, and carotid plaques. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(11):2811–20. doi: 10.1002/jum.15008. [PubMed: 30953387].
  42. Shah PK. Biomarkers of plaque instability. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2014;16(12):547. doi: 10.1007/s11886-014-0547-7. [PubMed: 25326730].
  43. Andrews JPM, Fayad ZA, Dweck MR. New methods to image unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis. 2018;272:118–28. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.021. [PubMed: 29602139].
  44. Oura K, Kato T, Ohba H, Terayama Y. Evaluation of intraplaque neovascularization using superb microvascular imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. J
  45. Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27(9):2348–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.023. [PubMed: 29754774].
  46. Cantisani V, David E, Ferrari D, Fanelli F, Di Marzo L, Catalano C, et al. Color Doppler ultrasound with superb microvascular imaging compared to contrast-enhanced ultrasound and computed tomography angiography to identify and classify endoleaks in patients undergoing EVAR. Ann Vasc Surg. 2017;40:136–45. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.06.038. [PubMed: 27671455].
  47. Tokodai K, Miyagi S, Nakanishi C, Hara Y, Nakanishi W, Miyazawa K, et al. The utility of superb microvascular imaging for monitoring lowvelocity venous flow following pancreas transplantation: report of a case. J Med Ultrason. 2018;45(1):171–4. doi: 10.1007/s10396-017-0795-4. [PubMed: 28597330].
  48. Kolkman RG, Brands PJ, Steenbergen W, van Leeuwen TG. Real-time in vivo photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(5):050510. doi: 10.1117/1.3005421. [PubMed: 19021380].
  49. Jansen K, van Soest G, van der Steen AF. Intravascular photoacoustic imaging: a new tool for vulnerable plaque identification. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2014;40(6):1037–48. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.01.008. [PubMed: 24631379].
  50. Jansen K, Van Der Steen AF, van Beusekom HM, Oosterhuis JW, van Soest G. Intravascular photoacoustic imaging of human coronary atherosclerosis. Opt Lett. 2011;36(5):597–9. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.000597. [PubMed: 21368919].
  51. Karpiouk AB, Aglyamov SR, Mallidi S, Shah J, Scott WG, Rubin JM, et al. Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging to detect and stage deep vein thrombosis: phantom and ex vivo studies. J Biomed Opt. 2008;13(5):054061. doi: 10.1117/1.2992175. [PubMed: 19021440].
  52. Sarvazyan A, J Hall T, W Urban M, Fatemi M, R Aglyamov S, S Garra B. An overview of elastography-an emerging branch of medical imaging. Curr Med Imaging Rev. 2011;7(4):255–82. doi: 10.2174/157340511798038684. [PubMed: 22308105].
  53. Couade M, Pernot M, Prada C, Messas E, Emmerich J, Bruneval P, et al. Quantitative assessment of arterial wall biomechanical properties using shear wave imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(10):1662–76. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.07.004. [PubMed: 20800942].
  54. Ramnarine KV, Garrard JW, Kanber B, Nduwayo S, Hartshorne TC, Robinson TG. Shear wave elastography imaging of carotid plaques: feasible, reproducible and of clinical potential. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2014;12:49. doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-12-49. [PubMed: 25487290].
  55. Ramnarine KV, Garrard JW, Ummur P, Ummur P, Nduwayo S, Kanber B, et al. Letter to the editor: shear wave elastography may be superior to grayscale median for the identification of carotid plaque vulnerability: a comparison with histology–authors response. Ultraschall Med. 2016;37(1):103–4. [PubMed: 27294239].
  56. Hoang P, Wallace A, Sugi M, Fleck A, Pershad Y, Dahiya N, et al. Elastography techniques in the evaluation of deep vein thrombosis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017;7(3):238–45. doi: 10.21037/cdt.2017.10.04. [PubMed: 29399527].
  57. Steel R, Ramnarine KV, Davidson F, Fish PJ, Hoskins PR. Angle-independent estimation of maximum velocity through stenoses using vector Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(4):575–84. doi: 10.1016/s0301-5629(02)00736-6. [PubMed: 12749927].
  58. Avdal J, Løvstakken L, Torp H, Ekroll IK. Combined 2-D vector velocity imaging and tracking doppler for improved vascular blood velocity quantification. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2017;64(12):1795–804. doi: 10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2757600. [PubMed: 28961109].
  59. Ekroll IK, Dahl T, Torp H, Løvstakken L. Combined vector velocity and spectral Doppler imaging for improved imaging of complex blood flow in the carotid arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2014;40(7):1629–40. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.01.021. [PubMed: 24785436].
  60. Hansen KL, Udesen J, Oddershede N, Henze L, Thomsen C, Jensen JA, et al. In vivo comparison of three ultrasound vector velocity techniques to MR phase contrast angiography. Ultrasonics. 2009;49(8):659–67. doi: 10.1016/j.ultras.2009.04.002. [PubMed: 19473683].
  61. Kalashyan H, Saqqur M, Shuaib A, Romanchuk H, Nanda NC, Becher H. Comprehensive and rapid assessment of carotid plaques in acute stroke using a new single sweep method for three-dimensional carotid ultrasound. Echocardiography. 2013;30(4):414-8. doi: 10.1111/echo.12128. [PubMed: 23551601].
  62. Kalashyan H, Shuaib A, Gibson PH, Romanchuk H, Saqqur M, Khan K, et al. Single sweep three-dimensional carotid ultrasound: reproducibility in plaque and artery volume measurements. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232(2):397–402. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.079. [PubMed: 24468154].
  63. Manninen HI, Rasanen H. Intravascular ultrasound in interventional radiology. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(11):1754–62. doi: 10.1007/s003300000574. [PubMed: 11097403].
  64. Spiliopoulos S, Kitrou P, Katsanos K, Karnabatidis D. FD-OCT and IVUS intravascular imaging modalities in peripheral vasculature. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2017;14(2):127–34. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2017.1280391. [PubMed: 28064551].