Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal (IRCMJ)

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Author Guidelines

Article Processing Charge

Water Cooling, Ice Pack Application, and Cold Wet Compress Treatment of Burn Wounds in Children before Admission, Effects on Tissue Healing and Safety Research: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Document Type : Review articles

Authors

1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Longquanyi District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610100

2 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041

3 Longhua Primary School affiliated kindergarten, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610100

4 Long'an Second Kindergarten, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610100

Abstract

Background: Burn injuries are caused by electricity, heat, radiation, cold, friction, or chemicals and lead to tissue destruction due to energy transfer from the sources to the tissues and cells. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of water cooling, ice pack application, cold and wet compress treatment of burn wounds in children before admission and to evaluate their effects on tissue healing and safety.Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Embase from inception to March 2023. Review Manager (version 5.4) was used to assess the risk of bias in the selected studies, and a meta-analysis of all dichotomous and continuous outcomes in the selected studies was performed. Out of 590 studies, seven studies based on the PRISMA protocol in the meta-analysis were included.Results: Based on the duration of cooling, no significant differences in the depth and size of burn wounds were found. Moreover, we established that cooling burn wounds significantly reduces tissue damage and limits the spread of burns to the surrounding tissues. A higher heterogeneity was observed in the selected studies based on methodology, implying different designs affecting our findings.Conclusion: There is inconclusive evidence on the recommended optimum duration of cooling burn wounds. However, cooling burn wounds has a beneficial impact on reducing tissue damage and limiting the spread of burns.

Keywords

References
  1. Jeschke MG, van Baar ME, Choudhry MA, Chung KK, Gibran NS, Logsetty S. Burn injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):11. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5. [PubMed: 32054846].
  2. Venter TH, Karpelowsky JS, Rode H. Cooling of the burn wound: the ideal temperature of the coolant. Burns. 2007;33(7):917-22. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.10.408. [PubMed: 17521815].
  3. Griffin B, Cabilan CJ, Ayoub B, Xu HG, Palmieri T, Kimble R, et al. The effect of 20 minutes of cool running water first aid within three hours of thermal burn injury on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australas Emerg Care. 2022;25(4):367-76. doi: 10.1016/j.auec.2022.05.004. [PubMed: 35688782].
  4. Venter TH, Karpelowsky JS, Rode H. Cooling of the burn wound: the ideal temperature of the coolant. Burns. 2007 Nov 1;33(7):917-22.
  5. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft-tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1):251-61. doi: 10.1177/0363546503260757. [PubMed: 14754753].
  6. Sutton D, Wright MD. Cooling for thermal burns: clinical effectiveness and guidelines. CADTH Rapid Response Report: Summary with Critical Appraisal; 2019.
  7. Stiles K. Emergency management of burns: part 1. Emerg Nurse. 2018;26(1):36–42. doi: 10.7748/en.2018.e1815. [PubMed: 29701036].
  8. Joffe MD. Emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in children. In: Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; 2017.
  9. Varley A, Sarginson J, Young A. Evidence-based first aid advice for paediatric burns in the United Kingdom. Burns. 2016;42(3):571–7. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.10.029. [PubMed: 26655279].
  10. Rice Jr. PL, Orgill DP. Emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in adults. In: Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; 2018.
  11. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
  12. Tarsilla M. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. JMDE. 2010;6(14):142-8. doi: 10.56645/
  13. jmde.v6i14.284.
  14. Parums DV. Review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the updated preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e934475. doi: 10.12659/MSM.934475. [PubMed: 34421116].
  15. Selçuk AA. A guide for systematic reviews: PRISMA. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;57(1):57-8. doi: 10.5152/tao.2019.4058. [PubMed: 31049257].
  16. Griffin BR, Frear CC, Babl F, Oakley E, Kimble RM. Cool running water first aid decreases skin grafting requirements in pediatric burns: a cohort study of two thousand four hundred ninety-five children. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(1):75-85. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.06.028. [PubMed: 31474480].
  17. Wood FM, Phillips M, Jovic T, Cassidy JT, Cameron P, Edgar DW, et al. Water first aid is beneficial in human’s post-burn: evidence from a bi-national cohort study. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147259. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147259. [PubMed: 26808839].
  18. Fein M, Quinn J, Watt K, Nichols T, Kimble R, Cuttle L. Prehospital paediatric burn care: new priorities in paramedic reporting. Emerg Med Australas. 2014;26(6):609-15. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12313. [PubMed: 25348749].
  19. Cuttle L, Kravchuk O, Wallis B, Kimble RM. An audit of first-aid treatment of pediatric burns patients and their clinical outcome. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30(6):1028-34. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181bfb7d1. [PubMed: 19826267].
  20. Tung KY, Chen ML, Wang HJ, Chen GS, Peck M, Yang J, et al. A seven-year epidemiology study of 12,381 admitted burn patients in Taiwan—using the Internet registration system of the Childhood Burn Foundation. Burns. 2005;31(1):12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2004.10.006. [PubMed: 15649611].
  21. Fiandeiro D, Govindsamy J, Maharaj RC. Prehospital cooling of severe burns: experience of the emergency department at Edendale Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015;105(6):457-60. doi: 10.7196/samj.8705. [PubMed: 26716162].
  22. Harish V, Tiwari N, Fisher OM, Li Z, Maitz PK. First aid improves clinical outcomes in burn injuries: evidence from a cohort study of 4918 patients. Burns. 2019;45(2):433-9. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.09.024. [PubMed: 30337155].
  23. Chan QE, Barzi F, Cheney L, Harvey JG, Holland AJ. Burn size estimation in children: still a problem. Emerg Med Australas. 2012;24(2):181-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01511.x. [PubMed: 22487668].
  24. Mlcak RP, Buffalo MC, Jimenez CJ. Prehospital management, transportation, and emergency care. Total Burn Care; 2018.
  25. Broadis E, Chokotho T, Mackay D, Germeni E. First aid management of paediatric burn and scald injuries in Southern Malawi: A mixed methods study. Burns. 2020;46(3):727-36. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.08.015. [PubMed: 31732221].
  26. Cuttle L, Kempf M, Liu PY, Kravchuk O, Kimble RM. The optimal duration and delay of first aid treatment for deep partial thickness burn injuries. Burns. 2010;36(5):673-9. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.08.002. [PubMed: 19879053].
  27. Jeschke MG, van Baar ME, Choudhry MA, Chung KK, Gibran NS, Logsetty S. Burn injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):11. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5. [PubMed: 32054846].
  28. Venter TH, Karpelowsky JS, Rode H. Cooling of the burn wound: the ideal temperature of the coolant. Burns. 2007;33(7):917-22. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.10.408. [PubMed: 17521815].
  29. Griffin B, Cabilan CJ, Ayoub B, Xu HG, Palmieri T, Kimble R, et al. The effect of 20 minutes of cool running water first aid within three hours of thermal burn injury on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australas Emerg Care. 2022;25(4):367-76. doi: 10.1016/j.auec.2022.05.004. [PubMed: 35688782].
  30. Venter TH, Karpelowsky JS, Rode H. Cooling of the burn wound: the ideal temperature of the coolant. Burns. 2007 Nov 1;33(7):917-22.
  31. Bleakley C, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft-tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1):251-61. doi: 10.1177/0363546503260757. [PubMed: 14754753].
  32. Sutton D, Wright MD. Cooling for thermal burns: clinical effectiveness and guidelines. CADTH Rapid Response Report: Summary with Critical Appraisal; 2019.
  33. Stiles K. Emergency management of burns: part 1. Emerg Nurse. 2018;26(1):36–42. doi: 10.7748/en.2018.e1815. [PubMed: 29701036].
  34. Joffe MD. Emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in children. In: Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; 2017.
  35. Varley A, Sarginson J, Young A. Evidence-based first aid advice for paediatric burns in the United Kingdom. Burns. 2016;42(3):571–7. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.10.029. [PubMed: 26655279].
  36. Rice Jr. PL, Orgill DP. Emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in adults. In: Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham (MA): UpToDate; 2018.
  37. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
  38. Tarsilla M. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. JMDE. 2010;6(14):142-8. doi: 10.56645/
  39. jmde.v6i14.284.
  40. Parums DV. Review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the updated preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e934475. doi: 10.12659/MSM.934475. [PubMed: 34421116].
  41. Selçuk AA. A guide for systematic reviews: PRISMA. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;57(1):57-8. doi: 10.5152/tao.2019.4058. [PubMed: 31049257].
  42. Griffin BR, Frear CC, Babl F, Oakley E, Kimble RM. Cool running water first aid decreases skin grafting requirements in pediatric burns: a cohort study of two thousand four hundred ninety-five children. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(1):75-85. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.06.028. [PubMed: 31474480].
  43. Wood FM, Phillips M, Jovic T, Cassidy JT, Cameron P, Edgar DW, et al. Water first aid is beneficial in human’s post-burn: evidence from a bi-national cohort study. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147259. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147259. [PubMed: 26808839].
  44. Fein M, Quinn J, Watt K, Nichols T, Kimble R, Cuttle L. Prehospital paediatric burn care: new priorities in paramedic reporting. Emerg Med Australas. 2014;26(6):609-15. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12313. [PubMed: 25348749].
  45. Cuttle L, Kravchuk O, Wallis B, Kimble RM. An audit of first-aid treatment of pediatric burns patients and their clinical outcome. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30(6):1028-34. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181bfb7d1. [PubMed: 19826267].
  46. Tung KY, Chen ML, Wang HJ, Chen GS, Peck M, Yang J, et al. A seven-year epidemiology study of 12,381 admitted burn patients in Taiwan—using the Internet registration system of the Childhood Burn Foundation. Burns. 2005;31(1):12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2004.10.006. [PubMed: 15649611].
  47. Fiandeiro D, Govindsamy J, Maharaj RC. Prehospital cooling of severe burns: experience of the emergency department at Edendale Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015;105(6):457-60. doi: 10.7196/samj.8705. [PubMed: 26716162].
  48. Harish V, Tiwari N, Fisher OM, Li Z, Maitz PK. First aid improves clinical outcomes in burn injuries: evidence from a cohort study of 4918 patients. Burns. 2019;45(2):433-9. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.09.024. [PubMed: 30337155].
  49. Chan QE, Barzi F, Cheney L, Harvey JG, Holland AJ. Burn size estimation in children: still a problem. Emerg Med Australas. 2012;24(2):181-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01511.x. [PubMed: 22487668].
  50. Mlcak RP, Buffalo MC, Jimenez CJ. Prehospital management, transportation, and emergency care. Total Burn Care; 2018.
  51. Broadis E, Chokotho T, Mackay D, Germeni E. First aid management of paediatric burn and scald injuries in Southern Malawi: A mixed methods study. Burns. 2020;46(3):727-36. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.08.015. [PubMed: 31732221].
  52. Cuttle L, Kempf M, Liu PY, Kravchuk O, Kimble RM. The optimal duration and delay of first aid treatment for deep partial thickness burn injuries. Burns. 2010;36(5):673-9. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.08.002. [PubMed: 19879053].
  53. Swenson C, Swärd L, Karlsson J. Cryotherapy in sports medicine. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1996;6(4):193-200. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00090.x. [PubMed: 8896090].
  54. Garzotto C, Clarke D. Burn Injury. Small animal surgical emergencies. John Wiley & Sons; 2015.
  55. Koyro KI, Bingoel AS, Bucher F, Vogt PM. Burn guidelines—an international comparison. Eur Burn J. 2021;2(3):125-39. doi: 10.3390/ebj2030010.
  56. Leclerc T, Sjöberg F, Jennes S, Martinez-Mendez JR, Van der Vlies CH, Battistutta A, et al. European burn association guidelines for the management of burn mass casualty incidents within a european response plan. Burns. 2023;49(2):275-303. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.12.011. [PubMed: 36702682].
  57. Seow SN, Halim AS, Wan Sulaiman WA, Mat Saad AZ, Mat Johar SF. The practice of first aid for burn injuries among the population of East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia for 2012–2016. J Burn Care Res. 2020;41(4):905-7. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa025. [PubMed: 32166315].
  58. Lam NN, Dung NT. First aid and initial management for childhood burns in Vietnam—an appeal for public and continuing medical education. Burns. 2008;34(1):67-70. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2007.01.006. [PubMed: 18054172].
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal (IRCMJ)
Volume 25, Issue 9 - Serial Number 9
2023
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 25 May 2023
  • Revise Date: 26 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 27 January 2024
  • First Publish Date: 27 January 2024
  • Publish Date: 01 September 2023
Share
How to cite
Statistics