Authors
- Yousefreza Yousefnia-Pasha 1
- Soleiman Mahjoub 2
- Mehdi Gholami 3
- Mostafa Taherkhani 3
- Ali Asghar Beyki 4
- Maryam Gholinezhad 1
1 Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
2 Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
4 LAB Director Fertility and Infertility Omid Babol Clinic, Babol, Iran
Abstract
Background: Varicocele is the leading cause of male infertility throughout the world. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the effects of varicocele on oxidative stress, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and semen
parameters. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum and semen samples were collected from subjects with no varicocele (n, 35) and pa- tients with varicocele (n, 86), who were referred to infertility and in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers of Babol Clinic Hospital, Babol, Iran during 2015 - 2016. The semen samples were analyzed according to the world health organization (WHO) guidelines. After the ultrasound and physical examinations, varicoceles were classified into three grades: G1, G2, and G3. TAC and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the serum and seminal plasma of subjects, using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBAR) methods, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) was also measured using Nitric Oxide assay kit. Results: The mean total sperm count in the G1, G2, and G3 groups were significantly lower than the control group (P = 0.037; P = 0.003, and P = 0.044, respectively). A trend of lower semen volume was observed in the G3 group, compared with the control group (P = 0.06). A significant positive correlation was observed between elevated serum MDA level and varicocele degree (P < 0.05). The MDA level from the highest to the lowest is as follows: G3 > G2 > G1 > controls. There was also a significant negative correlation between the serum and seminal plasma TAC levels (P < 0.05). Varicocele patients with G3 degree had a significantly lower mean TAC level in the serum and seminal plasma, compared with the control group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). No significant difference was found in the mean Nitric Oxide level between the groups. However, an increasing trend for the mean Nitric Oxide level was observed in the serum and seminal plasma of varicocele patients.
Conclusions: The reduced level of seminal plasma antioxidants, which is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, is one of the main reasons for low sperm quality in patients with varicocele. Antioxidant therapy may be useful in decreasing oxidative stress intensity and improving the condition of varicocele patients.
Keywords
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